{"id":43336,"date":"2017-01-26T18:01:39","date_gmt":"2017-01-26T17:01:39","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/www2.polyas.de\/ct_glossar_item\/labor-unions"},"modified":"2024-06-14T12:00:14","modified_gmt":"2024-06-14T10:00:14","slug":"labor-unions","status":"publish","type":"page","link":"https:\/\/www.polyas.com\/election-glossary\/labor-unions","title":{"rendered":"Labor Unions"},"content":{"rendered":"\n<style type=\"text\/css\" data-created_by=\"avia_inline_auto\" id=\"style-css-av-lvgoqfmq-31b41820c2ffa4308043d8b555b14d82\">\n.avia-section.av-lvgoqfmq-31b41820c2ffa4308043d8b555b14d82{\nbackground-color:#355780;\nbackground-image:unset;\n}\n<\/style>\n<div id='av_section_1'  class='avia-section av-lvgoqfmq-31b41820c2ffa4308043d8b555b14d82 main_color avia-section-default avia-no-border-styling  avia-builder-el-0  el_before_av_one_full  avia-builder-el-first  lexikon avia-bg-style-scroll container_wrap fullsize'  ><div class='container av-section-cont-open' ><main  role=\"main\" itemprop=\"mainContentOfPage\"  class='template-page content  av-content-full alpha units'><div class='post-entry post-entry-type-page post-entry-43336'><div class='entry-content-wrapper clearfix'>\n<section  class='av_textblock_section av-lvgor08w-9bce215fe2f2bf25fe8ffe4eb620fc85 '   itemscope=\"itemscope\" itemtype=\"https:\/\/schema.org\/CreativeWork\" ><div class='avia_textblock'  itemprop=\"text\" ><div class=\"row\">\n<div class=\"col-lg-12 text-center\">\n<h2 style=\"text-align: center;\"><span style=\"color: #ffffff;\">POLYAS Election Glossary<\/span><\/h2>\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><span style=\"color: #ffffff;\">We provide explanations and background information on elections, voting rights and digital democracy<\/span><\/p>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div><\/section>\n<\/div><\/div><\/main><!-- close content main element --><\/div><\/div><div id='after_section_1'  class='main_color av_default_container_wrap container_wrap fullsize'  ><div class='container av-section-cont-open' ><div class='template-page content  av-content-full alpha units'><div class='post-entry post-entry-type-page post-entry-43336'><div class='entry-content-wrapper clearfix'>\n<p><div  class='flex_column av-mbd7fa-73edc57b70d59a1bee6f145f33210263 av_one_full  avia-builder-el-2  el_after_av_section  el_before_av_one_full  avia-builder-el-first  first flex_column_div  '     ><div  class='tabcontainer av-lvgp0n9c-477cd59c132a7c02cdf2bf90d018ce7c top_tab  avia-builder-el-3  avia-builder-el-no-sibling '>\n<section class='av_tab_section av_tab_section av-lvgoz97w-5ad3d0b7b63cb0b6fffdfc3912d9690f'  itemscope=\"itemscope\" itemtype=\"https:\/\/schema.org\/CreativeWork\" ><div id='tab-id-1-tab' class='tab active_tab' role='tab' aria-selected=\"true\" tabindex=\"0\" data-fake-id='#tab-id-1' aria-controls='tab-id-1-content'  itemprop=\"headline\" >A<\/div><div id='tab-id-1-content' class='tab_content active_tab_content' role='tabpanel' aria-labelledby='tab-id-1-tab' aria-hidden=\"false\"><div class='tab_inner_content invers-color'  itemprop=\"text\" ><div class=\"views-field views-field-title\"><span class=\"field-content\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.polyas.com\/election-glossary\/absentee-voting\">Absentee Voting<\/a><\/span><\/div>\n<div class=\"views-field views-field-title\"><span class=\"field-content\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.polyas.com\/election-glossary\/abstained-votes\">Abstained Votes<\/a><\/span><\/div>\n<div class=\"views-field views-field-title\"><span class=\"field-content\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.polyas.com\/election-glossary\/act-parliament\">Act of Parliament<\/a><\/span><\/div>\n<div class=\"views-field views-field-title\"><span class=\"field-content\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.polyas.com\/election-glossary\/advance-voting\">Advance Voting<\/a><\/span><\/div>\n<div class=\"views-field views-field-title\"><span class=\"field-content\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.polyas.com\/election-glossary\/association-bylaws\">Association Bylaws <\/a><\/span><\/div>\n<div class=\"views-field views-field-title\"><span class=\"field-content\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.polyas.com\/election-glossary\/associations\">Associations <\/a><\/span><\/div>\n<div class=\"views-field views-field-title\"><span class=\"field-content\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.polyas.com\/election-glossary\/authentication\">Authentication<\/a><\/span><\/div>\n<\/div><\/div><\/section>\n<section class='av_tab_section av_tab_section av-lvgozz27-5a6676eb7ca0ac1a0aa7ec211d25e65a'  itemscope=\"itemscope\" itemtype=\"https:\/\/schema.org\/CreativeWork\" ><div id='tab-id-2-tab' class='tab' role='tab' aria-selected=\"false\" tabindex=\"0\" data-fake-id='#tab-id-2' aria-controls='tab-id-2-content'  itemprop=\"headline\" >B<\/div><div id='tab-id-2-content' class='tab_content' role='tabpanel' aria-labelledby='tab-id-2-tab' aria-hidden=\"true\"><div class='tab_inner_content invers-color'  itemprop=\"text\" ><div class=\"views-field views-field-title\"><span class=\"field-content\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.polyas.com\/election-glossary\/ballot-box\">Ballot Box<\/a><\/span><\/div>\n<div class=\"views-field views-field-title\"><span class=\"field-content\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.polyas.com\/election-glossary\/ballot-box-election\">Ballot Box Election<\/a><\/span><\/div>\n<div class=\"views-field views-field-title\"><span class=\"field-content\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.polyas.com\/election-glossary\/ballot-paper\">Ballot Paper<\/a><\/span><\/div>\n<div class=\"views-field views-field-title\"><span class=\"field-content\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.polyas.com\/election-glossary\/base-count\">Base count<\/a><\/span><\/div>\n<div class=\"views-field views-field-title\"><span class=\"field-content\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.polyas.com\/election-glossary\/bellwether-state\">Bellwether State<\/a><\/span><\/div>\n<div class=\"views-field views-field-title\"><span class=\"field-content\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.polyas.com\/election-glossary\/bill-of-rights\">Bill of Rights<\/a><\/span><\/div>\n<div class=\"views-field views-field-title\"><span class=\"field-content\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.polyas.com\/election-glossary\/block-checksums\">Block Checksums<\/a><\/span><\/div>\n<div class=\"views-field views-field-title\"><span class=\"field-content\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.polyas.com\/election-glossary\/board-chairman\">Board Chairman<\/a><\/span><\/div>\n<div class=\"views-field views-field-title\"><span class=\"field-content\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.polyas.com\/election-glossary\/board-members\">Board Members<\/a><\/span><\/div>\n<div class=\"views-field views-field-title\"><span class=\"field-content\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.polyas.com\/election-glossary\/board-officers\">Board Officers<\/a><\/span><\/div>\n<div class=\"views-field views-field-title\"><span class=\"field-content\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.polyas.com\/election-glossary\/branches-of-government\">Branches of Government<\/a><\/span><\/div>\n<div class=\"views-field views-field-title\"><span class=\"field-content\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.polyas.com\/election-glossary\/brokered-convention\">Brokered Convention<\/a><\/span><\/div>\n<div class=\"views-field views-field-title\"><span class=\"field-content\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.polyas.com\/election-glossary\/federal-ministry-for-security-information-technology\">BSI &#8211; Federal Ministry for Security in Information Technology<\/a><\/span><\/div>\n<div class=\"views-field views-field-title\"><span class=\"field-content\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.polyas.com\/election-glossary\/bsi-standards\">BSI-Standards<\/a><\/span><\/div>\n<div class=\"views-field views-field-title\"><span class=\"field-content\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.polyas.com\/election-glossary\/byelection\">By-election<\/a><\/span><\/div>\n<div class=\"views-field views-field-title\"><span class=\"field-content\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.polyas.com\/election-glossary\/bylaws\">Bylaws<\/a><\/span><\/div>\n<\/div><\/div><\/section>\n<section class='av_tab_section av_tab_section av-lvgp4ch2-a60d47d4e92954c010ad41aff0e6792d'  itemscope=\"itemscope\" itemtype=\"https:\/\/schema.org\/CreativeWork\" ><div id='tab-id-3-tab' class='tab' role='tab' aria-selected=\"false\" tabindex=\"0\" data-fake-id='#tab-id-3' aria-controls='tab-id-3-content'  itemprop=\"headline\" >C<\/div><div id='tab-id-3-content' class='tab_content' role='tabpanel' aria-labelledby='tab-id-3-tab' aria-hidden=\"true\"><div class='tab_inner_content invers-color'  itemprop=\"text\" ><div class=\"views-field views-field-title\"><span class=\"field-content\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.polyas.com\/election-glossary\/canadian-house-of-commons\">Canadian House of Commons<\/a><\/span><\/div>\n<div class=\"views-field views-field-title\"><span class=\"field-content\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.polyas.com\/election-glossary\/canadian-parliament\">Canadian Parliament<\/a><\/span><\/div>\n<div class=\"views-field views-field-title\"><span class=\"field-content\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.polyas.com\/election-glossary\/canadian-senate\">Canadian Senate<\/a><\/span><\/div>\n<div class=\"views-field views-field-title\"><span class=\"field-content\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.polyas.com\/election-glossary\/candidate\">Candidate<\/a><\/span><\/div>\n<div class=\"views-field views-field-title\"><span class=\"field-content\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.polyas.com\/election-glossary\/caucus\">Caucus<\/a><\/span><\/div>\n<div class=\"views-field views-field-title\"><span class=\"field-content\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.polyas.com\/election-glossary\/chambers-of-commerce\">Chambers of Commerce<\/a><\/span><\/div>\n<div class=\"views-field views-field-title\"><span class=\"field-content\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.polyas.com\/election-glossary\/church-elections\">Church Elections<\/a><\/span><\/div>\n<div class=\"views-field views-field-title\"><span class=\"field-content\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.polyas.com\/election-glossary\/cloture\">Cloture<\/a><\/span><\/div>\n<div class=\"views-field views-field-title\"><span class=\"field-content\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.polyas.com\/election-glossary\/coattail-effect\">Coattail Effect<\/a><\/span><\/div>\n<div class=\"views-field views-field-title\"><span class=\"field-content\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.polyas.com\/election-glossary\/ethics-code\">Code of Ethics<\/a><\/span><\/div>\n<div class=\"views-field views-field-title\"><span class=\"field-content\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.polyas.com\/election-glossary\/codetermination\">Codetermination<\/a><\/span><\/div>\n<div class=\"views-field views-field-title\"><span class=\"field-content\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.polyas.com\/election-glossary\/common-criteria\">Common Criteria<\/a><\/span><\/div>\n<div class=\"views-field views-field-title\"><span class=\"field-content\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.polyas.com\/election-glossary\/compulsory-voting\">Compulsory Voting <\/a><\/span><\/div>\n<div class=\"views-field views-field-title\"><span class=\"field-content\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.polyas.com\/election-glossary\/conflict-of-interest\">Conflict of Interest<\/a><\/span><\/div>\n<div class=\"views-field views-field-title\"><span class=\"field-content\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.polyas.com\/election-glossary\/constituency\">Constituency<\/a><\/span><\/div>\n<div class=\"views-field views-field-title\"><span class=\"field-content\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.polyas.com\/election-glossary\/constitution\">Constitution<\/a><\/span><\/div>\n<div class=\"views-field views-field-title\"><span class=\"field-content\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.polyas.com\/election-glossary\/contested-election-results\">Contested Election Results<\/a><\/span><\/div>\n<div class=\"views-field views-field-title\"><span class=\"field-content\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.polyas.com\/election-glossary\/cooperatives\">Cooperatives<\/a><\/span><\/div>\n<div class=\"views-field views-field-title\"><span class=\"field-content\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.polyas.com\/election-glossary\/council-chairman\">Council Chairman<\/a><\/span><\/div>\n<div class=\"views-field views-field-title\"><span class=\"field-content\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.polyas.com\/election-glossary\/council-elections\">Council Elections <\/a><\/span><\/div>\n<div class=\"views-field views-field-title\"><span class=\"field-content\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.polyas.com\/election-glossary\/council-officers\">Council Officers<\/a><\/span><\/div>\n<div class=\"views-field views-field-title\"><span class=\"field-content\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.polyas.com\/election-glossary\/credit-unions\">Credit Unions<\/a><\/span><\/div>\n<div class=\"views-field views-field-title\"><span class=\"field-content\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.polyas.com\/election-glossary\/cumulative-voting\">Cumulative Voting<\/a><\/span><\/div>\n<\/div><\/div><\/section>\n<section class='av_tab_section av_tab_section av-lvgpbi8i-b9ff32daec7fad5e754223860a05cc72'  itemscope=\"itemscope\" itemtype=\"https:\/\/schema.org\/CreativeWork\" ><div id='tab-id-4-tab' class='tab' role='tab' aria-selected=\"false\" tabindex=\"0\" data-fake-id='#tab-id-4' aria-controls='tab-id-4-content'  itemprop=\"headline\" >D<\/div><div id='tab-id-4-content' class='tab_content' role='tabpanel' aria-labelledby='tab-id-4-tab' aria-hidden=\"true\"><div class='tab_inner_content invers-color'  itemprop=\"text\" ><div class=\"views-field views-field-title\"><span class=\"field-content\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.polyas.com\/election-glossary\/dhondt\">D&#8217;Hondt Highest Averages Method<\/a><\/span><\/div>\n<div class=\"views-field views-field-title\"><span class=\"field-content\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.polyas.com\/election-glossary\/data-backups\">Data Backup<\/a><\/span><\/div>\n<div class=\"views-field views-field-title\"><span class=\"field-content\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.polyas.com\/election-glossary\/data-protection\">Data Protection <\/a><\/span><\/div>\n<div class=\"views-field views-field-title\"><span class=\"field-content\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.polyas.com\/election-glossary\/data-security\">Data Security<\/a><\/span><\/div>\n<div class=\"views-field views-field-title\"><span class=\"field-content\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.polyas.com\/election-glossary\/delegates\">Delegates<\/a><\/span><\/div>\n<div class=\"views-field views-field-title\"><span class=\"field-content\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.polyas.com\/election-glossary\/democracy\">Democracy<\/a><\/span><\/div>\n<div class=\"views-field views-field-title\"><span class=\"field-content\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.polyas.com\/election-glossary\/digital-key\">Digital Key<\/a><\/span><\/div>\n<div class=\"views-field views-field-title\"><span class=\"field-content\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.polyas.com\/election-glossary\/digital-single-market\">Digital Single Market<\/a><\/span><\/div>\n<div class=\"views-field views-field-title\"><span class=\"field-content\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.polyas.com\/election-glossary\/digital-voting\">Digital Voting<\/a><\/span><\/div>\n<div class=\"views-field views-field-title\"><span class=\"field-content\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.polyas.com\/election-glossary\/direct-elections\">Direct Elections<\/a><\/span><\/div>\n<div class=\"views-field views-field-title\"><span class=\"field-content\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.polyas.com\/election-glossary\/donkey-vote\">Donkey Vote<\/a><\/span><\/div>\n<\/div><\/div><\/section>\n<section class='av_tab_section av_tab_section av-lvgpbobb-893631dc4629cc4819b8f523dc9138ac'  itemscope=\"itemscope\" itemtype=\"https:\/\/schema.org\/CreativeWork\" ><div id='tab-id-5-tab' class='tab' role='tab' aria-selected=\"false\" tabindex=\"0\" data-fake-id='#tab-id-5' aria-controls='tab-id-5-content'  itemprop=\"headline\" >E<\/div><div id='tab-id-5-content' class='tab_content' role='tabpanel' aria-labelledby='tab-id-5-tab' aria-hidden=\"true\"><div class='tab_inner_content invers-color'  itemprop=\"text\" ><div class=\"views-field views-field-title\"><span class=\"field-content\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.polyas.com\/election-glossary\/early-voting\">Early Voting <\/a><\/span><\/div>\n<div class=\"views-field views-field-title\"><span class=\"field-content\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.polyas.com\/election-glossary\/election-campaign\">Election Campaign <\/a><\/span><\/div>\n<div class=\"views-field views-field-title\"><span class=\"field-content\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.polyas.com\/election-glossary\/election-day\">Election Day and Night <\/a><\/span><\/div>\n<div class=\"views-field views-field-title\"><span class=\"field-content\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.polyas.com\/election-glossary\/election-fraud\">Election Fraud<\/a><\/span><\/div>\n<div class=\"views-field views-field-title\"><span class=\"field-content\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.polyas.com\/election-glossary\/election-principles\">Election Principles<\/a><\/span><\/div>\n<div class=\"views-field views-field-title\"><span class=\"field-content\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.polyas.com\/election-glossary\/election-results\">Election Results<\/a><\/span><\/div>\n<div class=\"views-field views-field-title\"><span class=\"field-content\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.polyas.com\/election-glossary\/election-software\">Election Software<\/a><\/span><\/div>\n<div class=\"views-field views-field-title\"><span class=\"field-content\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.polyas.com\/election-glossary\/election-threshold\">Election Threshold<\/a><\/span><\/div>\n<div class=\"views-field views-field-title\"><span class=\"field-content\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.polyas.com\/election-glossary\/electioneering\">Electioneering<\/a><\/span><\/div>\n<div class=\"views-field views-field-title\"><span class=\"field-content\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.polyas.com\/election-glossary\/elections\">Elections<\/a><\/span><\/div>\n<div class=\"views-field views-field-title\"><span class=\"field-content\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.polyas.com\/election-glossary\/electoral-college\">Electoral College<\/a><\/span><\/div>\n<div class=\"views-field views-field-title\"><span class=\"field-content\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.polyas.com\/election-glossary\/electoral-system\">Electoral System<\/a><\/span><\/div>\n<div class=\"views-field views-field-title\"><span class=\"field-content\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.polyas.com\/election-glossary\/e-voting\">Electronic Voting<\/a><\/span><\/div>\n<div class=\"views-field views-field-title\"><span class=\"field-content\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.polyas.com\/election-glossary\/executive-branch\">Executive Branch<\/a><\/span><\/div>\n<\/div><\/div><\/section>\n<section class='av_tab_section av_tab_section av-lvgpbs0b-c4e751a246a9698e53fed046d09fadb3'  itemscope=\"itemscope\" itemtype=\"https:\/\/schema.org\/CreativeWork\" ><div id='tab-id-6-tab' class='tab' role='tab' aria-selected=\"false\" tabindex=\"0\" data-fake-id='#tab-id-6' aria-controls='tab-id-6-content'  itemprop=\"headline\" >F<\/div><div id='tab-id-6-content' class='tab_content' role='tabpanel' aria-labelledby='tab-id-6-tab' aria-hidden=\"true\"><div class='tab_inner_content invers-color'  itemprop=\"text\" ><div class=\"views-field views-field-title\"><span class=\"field-content\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.polyas.com\/election-glossary\/federal-election-campaign-act\">Federal Election Campaign Act<\/a><\/span><\/div>\n<div class=\"views-field views-field-title\"><span class=\"field-content\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.polyas.com\/election-glossary\/federal-election-commission\">Federal Election Commission<\/a><\/span><\/div>\n<div class=\"views-field views-field-title\"><span class=\"field-content\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.polyas.com\/election-glossary\/filibuster\">Filibuster<\/a><\/span><\/div>\n<div class=\"views-field views-field-title\"><span class=\"field-content\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.polyas.com\/election-glossary\/first-past-the-post\">First Past the Post<\/a><\/span><\/div>\n<\/div><\/div><\/section>\n<section class='av_tab_section av_tab_section av-lvgpbxda-55efe9eb0a96092cf31134ad58036136'  itemscope=\"itemscope\" itemtype=\"https:\/\/schema.org\/CreativeWork\" ><div id='tab-id-7-tab' class='tab' role='tab' aria-selected=\"false\" tabindex=\"0\" data-fake-id='#tab-id-7' aria-controls='tab-id-7-content'  itemprop=\"headline\" >G<\/div><div id='tab-id-7-content' class='tab_content' role='tabpanel' aria-labelledby='tab-id-7-tab' aria-hidden=\"true\"><div class='tab_inner_content invers-color'  itemprop=\"text\" ><div class=\"views-field views-field-title\"><span class=\"field-content\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.polyas.com\/election-glossary\/george-polya\">George P\u00f3lya<\/a><\/span><\/div>\n<div class=\"views-field views-field-title\"><span class=\"field-content\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.polyas.com\/election-glossary\/governor\">Governor<\/a><\/span><\/div>\n<\/div><\/div><\/section>\n<section class='av_tab_section av_tab_section av-lvgpc26g-dcbc98ecd0e01817ad30c8745b1617ad'  itemscope=\"itemscope\" itemtype=\"https:\/\/schema.org\/CreativeWork\" ><div id='tab-id-8-tab' class='tab' role='tab' aria-selected=\"false\" tabindex=\"0\" data-fake-id='#tab-id-8' aria-controls='tab-id-8-content'  itemprop=\"headline\" >H<\/div><div id='tab-id-8-content' class='tab_content' role='tabpanel' aria-labelledby='tab-id-8-tab' aria-hidden=\"true\"><div class='tab_inner_content invers-color'  itemprop=\"text\" ><div class=\"views-field views-field-title\"><span class=\"field-content\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.polyas.com\/election-glossary\/hanging-chad\">Hanging Chad<\/a><\/span><\/div>\n<div class=\"views-field views-field-title\"><span class=\"field-content\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.polyas.com\/election-glossary\/hard-money\">Hard Money<\/a><\/span><\/div>\n<div class=\"views-field views-field-title\"><span class=\"field-content\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.polyas.com\/election-glossary\/hare-niemeyer\">Hare-Niemeyer Method<\/a><\/span><\/div>\n<div class=\"views-field views-field-title\"><span class=\"field-content\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.polyas.com\/election-glossary\/house-of-representatives\">House of Representatives<\/a><\/span><\/div>\n<\/div><\/div><\/section>\n<section class='av_tab_section av_tab_section av-lvgpc5tf-513433e2adaa4536866bcd8adbcd3fe9'  itemscope=\"itemscope\" itemtype=\"https:\/\/schema.org\/CreativeWork\" ><div id='tab-id-9-tab' class='tab' role='tab' aria-selected=\"false\" tabindex=\"0\" data-fake-id='#tab-id-9' aria-controls='tab-id-9-content'  itemprop=\"headline\" >I<\/div><div id='tab-id-9-content' class='tab_content' role='tabpanel' aria-labelledby='tab-id-9-tab' aria-hidden=\"true\"><div class='tab_inner_content invers-color'  itemprop=\"text\" ><div class=\"views-field views-field-title\"><span class=\"field-content\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.polyas.com\/election-glossary\/in-house-elections\">In-house Elections<\/a><\/span><\/div>\n<div class=\"views-field views-field-title\"><span class=\"field-content\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.polyas.com\/election-glossary\/independent-politician\">Independent Politician<\/a><\/span><\/div>\n<div class=\"views-field views-field-title\"><span class=\"field-content\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.polyas.com\/election-glossary\/internet-election\">Internet Election <\/a><\/span><\/div>\n<div class=\"views-field views-field-title\"><span class=\"field-content\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.polyas.com\/election-glossary\/invalid-votes\">Invalid Votes<\/a><\/span><\/div>\n<div class=\"views-field views-field-title\"><span class=\"field-content\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.polyas.com\/election-glossary\/it-risk-management\">IT Risk Management<\/a><\/span><\/div>\n<div class=\"views-field views-field-title\"><span class=\"field-content\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.polyas.com\/election-glossary\/it-security\">IT-Security <\/a><\/span><\/div>\n<div><span class=\"field-content\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.polyas.com\/election-glossary\/ivoting\">iVoting<\/a><\/span><\/div>\n<\/div><\/div><\/section>\n<section class='av_tab_section av_tab_section av-lvgpc9ur-94b03029b3646d56454a1b9ee75b73af'  itemscope=\"itemscope\" itemtype=\"https:\/\/schema.org\/CreativeWork\" ><div id='tab-id-10-tab' class='tab' role='tab' aria-selected=\"false\" tabindex=\"0\" data-fake-id='#tab-id-10' aria-controls='tab-id-10-content'  itemprop=\"headline\" >J<\/div><div id='tab-id-10-content' class='tab_content' role='tabpanel' aria-labelledby='tab-id-10-tab' aria-hidden=\"true\"><div class='tab_inner_content invers-color'  itemprop=\"text\" ><p><span class=\"field-content\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.polyas.com\/election-glossary\/joint-chiefs-of-staff\">Joint Chiefs of Staff<\/a><\/span><\/p>\n<\/div><\/div><\/section>\n<section class='av_tab_section av_tab_section av-lvgpcgwy-06e11cce27d6373c2a4890b83058a9a7'  itemscope=\"itemscope\" itemtype=\"https:\/\/schema.org\/CreativeWork\" ><div id='tab-id-11-tab' class='tab' role='tab' aria-selected=\"false\" tabindex=\"0\" data-fake-id='#tab-id-11' aria-controls='tab-id-11-content'  itemprop=\"headline\" >K<\/div><div id='tab-id-11-content' class='tab_content' role='tabpanel' aria-labelledby='tab-id-11-tab' aria-hidden=\"true\"><div class='tab_inner_content invers-color'  itemprop=\"text\" ><\/div><\/div><\/section>\n<section class='av_tab_section av_tab_section av-lvgpcku8-6c81808bcbe2d4e6912bfc9b79058049'  itemscope=\"itemscope\" itemtype=\"https:\/\/schema.org\/CreativeWork\" ><div id='tab-id-12-tab' class='tab' role='tab' aria-selected=\"false\" tabindex=\"0\" data-fake-id='#tab-id-12' aria-controls='tab-id-12-content'  itemprop=\"headline\" >L<\/div><div id='tab-id-12-content' class='tab_content' role='tabpanel' aria-labelledby='tab-id-12-tab' aria-hidden=\"true\"><div class='tab_inner_content invers-color'  itemprop=\"text\" ><div class=\"views-field views-field-title\"><span class=\"field-content\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.polyas.com\/election-glossary\/labor-unions\">Labor Unions<\/a><\/span><\/div>\n<div class=\"views-field views-field-title\"><span class=\"field-content\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.polyas.com\/election-glossary\/law\">Law<\/a><\/span><\/div>\n<div class=\"views-field views-field-title\"><span class=\"field-content\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.polyas.com\/election-glossary\/legal-rule\">Legal Rule<\/a><\/span><\/div>\n<div class=\"views-field views-field-title\"><span class=\"field-content\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.polyas.com\/election-glossary\/legislative-process\">Legislative Process<\/a><\/span><\/div>\n<div class=\"views-field views-field-title\"><span class=\"field-content\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.polyas.com\/election-glossary\/legislative-term\">Legislative Term<\/a><\/span><\/div>\n<div class=\"views-field views-field-title\"><span class=\"field-content\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.polyas.com\/election-glossary\/licensing-board\">Licensing Board<\/a><\/span><\/div>\n<div class=\"views-field views-field-title\"><span class=\"field-content\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.polyas.com\/election-glossary\/likely-voter\">Likely voter<\/a><\/span><\/div>\n<div class=\"views-field views-field-title\"><span class=\"field-content\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.polyas.com\/election-glossary\/list-elections\">List Elections<\/a><\/span><\/div>\n<\/div><\/div><\/section>\n<section class='av_tab_section av_tab_section av-lvgpcp3j-1ff759aad0e87bbea42d002ecd3412f1'  itemscope=\"itemscope\" itemtype=\"https:\/\/schema.org\/CreativeWork\" ><div id='tab-id-13-tab' class='tab' role='tab' aria-selected=\"false\" tabindex=\"0\" data-fake-id='#tab-id-13' aria-controls='tab-id-13-content'  itemprop=\"headline\" >M<\/div><div id='tab-id-13-content' class='tab_content' role='tabpanel' aria-labelledby='tab-id-13-tab' aria-hidden=\"true\"><div class='tab_inner_content invers-color'  itemprop=\"text\" ><div class=\"views-field views-field-title\"><span class=\"field-content\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.polyas.com\/election-glossary\/majority-vote\">Majority Vote<\/a><\/span><\/div>\n<div class=\"views-field views-field-title\"><span class=\"field-content\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.polyas.com\/election-glossary\/mandate\">Mandate <\/a><\/span><\/div>\n<div class=\"views-field views-field-title\"><span class=\"field-content\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.polyas.com\/election-glossary\/mutuals\">Mutuals<\/a><\/span><\/div>\n<\/div><\/div><\/section>\n<section class='av_tab_section av_tab_section av-lvgpctfi-d770fbe7c2abe5f9bd9297a92457d6e6'  itemscope=\"itemscope\" itemtype=\"https:\/\/schema.org\/CreativeWork\" ><div id='tab-id-14-tab' class='tab' role='tab' aria-selected=\"false\" tabindex=\"0\" data-fake-id='#tab-id-14' aria-controls='tab-id-14-content'  itemprop=\"headline\" >N<\/div><div id='tab-id-14-content' class='tab_content' role='tabpanel' aria-labelledby='tab-id-14-tab' aria-hidden=\"true\"><div class='tab_inner_content invers-color'  itemprop=\"text\" ><div class=\"views-field views-field-title\"><span class=\"field-content\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.polyas.com\/election-glossary\/net-neutrality\">Net Neutrality<\/a><\/span><\/div>\n<div class=\"views-field views-field-title\"><span class=\"field-content\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.polyas.com\/election-glossary\/nota\">None of the Above<\/a><\/span><\/div>\n<\/div><\/div><\/section>\n<section class='av_tab_section av_tab_section av-lvgpcxks-c1a404b4b651155c7a494b79b8ac9c77'  itemscope=\"itemscope\" itemtype=\"https:\/\/schema.org\/CreativeWork\" ><div id='tab-id-15-tab' class='tab' role='tab' aria-selected=\"false\" tabindex=\"0\" data-fake-id='#tab-id-15' aria-controls='tab-id-15-content'  itemprop=\"headline\" >O<\/div><div id='tab-id-15-content' class='tab_content' role='tabpanel' aria-labelledby='tab-id-15-tab' aria-hidden=\"true\"><div class='tab_inner_content invers-color'  itemprop=\"text\" ><div class=\"views-field views-field-title\"><span class=\"field-content\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.polyas.com\/election-glossary\/ombudsman\">Ombudsman<\/a><\/span><\/div>\n<div class=\"views-field views-field-title\"><span class=\"field-content\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.polyas.com\/election-glossary\/online-poll\">Online Poll<\/a><\/span><\/div>\n<div class=\"views-field views-field-title\"><span class=\"field-content\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.polyas.com\/election-glossary\/online-voter-id\">Online Voter ID<\/a><\/span><\/div>\n<div class=\"views-field views-field-title\"><span class=\"field-content\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.polyas.com\/election-glossary\/online-voting\">Online Voting <\/a><\/span><\/div>\n<div class=\"views-field views-field-title\"><span class=\"field-content\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.polyas.com\/election-glossary\/open-ballot-system\">Open Ballot System<\/a><\/span><\/div>\n<div class=\"views-field views-field-title\"><span class=\"field-content\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.polyas.com\/election-glossary\/overhang-seat\">Overhang Seat<\/a><\/span><\/div>\n<\/div><\/div><\/section>\n<section class='av_tab_section av_tab_section av-lvgpd181-72b6a02f7d5473db18bc8b1335b24f48'  itemscope=\"itemscope\" itemtype=\"https:\/\/schema.org\/CreativeWork\" ><div id='tab-id-16-tab' class='tab' role='tab' aria-selected=\"false\" tabindex=\"0\" data-fake-id='#tab-id-16' aria-controls='tab-id-16-content'  itemprop=\"headline\" >P<\/div><div id='tab-id-16-content' class='tab_content' role='tabpanel' aria-labelledby='tab-id-16-tab' aria-hidden=\"true\"><div class='tab_inner_content invers-color'  itemprop=\"text\" ><div class=\"views-field views-field-title\"><span class=\"field-content\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.polyas.com\/election-glossary\/panachage\">Panachage<\/a><\/span><\/div>\n<div class=\"views-field views-field-title\"><span class=\"field-content\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.polyas.com\/election-glossary\/parliamentary-sovereignty\">Parliamentary Sovereignty<\/a><\/span><\/div>\n<div class=\"views-field views-field-title\"><span class=\"field-content\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.polyas.com\/election-glossary\/passive-electioneering\">Passive electioneering<\/a><\/span><\/div>\n<div class=\"views-field views-field-title\"><span class=\"field-content\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.polyas.com\/election-glossary\/percentage-hurdle\">Percentage hurdle<\/a><\/span><\/div>\n<div class=\"views-field views-field-title\"><span class=\"field-content\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.polyas.com\/election-glossary\/petition\">Petition<\/a><\/span><\/div>\n<div class=\"views-field views-field-title\"><span class=\"field-content\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.polyas.com\/election-glossary\/political-action-committee\">Political Action Committee<\/a><\/span><\/div>\n<div class=\"views-field views-field-title\"><span class=\"field-content\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.polyas.com\/election-glossary\/political-pressure-group\">Political Pressure Group<\/a><\/span><\/div>\n<div class=\"views-field views-field-title\"><span class=\"field-content\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.polyas.com\/election-glossary\/poll\">Poll <\/a><\/span><\/div>\n<div class=\"views-field views-field-title\"><span class=\"field-content\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.polyas.com\/election-glossary\/polling-card\">Polling Card<\/a><\/span><\/div>\n<div class=\"views-field views-field-title\"><span class=\"field-content\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.polyas.com\/election-glossary\/polling-place\">Polling Place<\/a><\/span><\/div>\n<div class=\"views-field views-field-title\"><span class=\"field-content\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.polyas.com\/election-glossary\/popular-vote\">Popular Vote<\/a><\/span><\/div>\n<div class=\"views-field views-field-title\"><span class=\"field-content\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.polyas.com\/election-glossary\/pork-barrel-politics\">Pork Barrel Politics<\/a><\/span><\/div>\n<div class=\"views-field views-field-title\"><span class=\"field-content\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.polyas.com\/election-glossary\/postal-vote\">Postal Voting<\/a><\/span><\/div>\n<div class=\"views-field views-field-title\"><span class=\"field-content\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.polyas.com\/election-glossary\/presidential-election\">Presidential Election<\/a><\/span><\/div>\n<div class=\"views-field views-field-title\"><span class=\"field-content\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.polyas.com\/election-glossary\/primary\">Primary<\/a><\/span><\/div>\n<div class=\"views-field views-field-title\"><span class=\"field-content\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.polyas.com\/election-glossary\/prime-minister\">Prime Minister<\/a><\/span><\/div>\n<div class=\"views-field views-field-title\"><span class=\"field-content\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.polyas.com\/election-glossary\/proportional-vote\">Proportional Representation<\/a><\/span><\/div>\n<div class=\"views-field views-field-title\"><span class=\"field-content\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.polyas.com\/election-glossary\/protest-vote\">Protest Vote<\/a><\/span><\/div>\n<div class=\"views-field views-field-title\"><span class=\"field-content\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.polyas.com\/election-glossary\/provisional-ballot\">Provisional Ballot<\/a><\/span><\/div>\n<div class=\"views-field views-field-title\"><span class=\"field-content\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.polyas.com\/election-glossary\/proxy-vote\">Proxy Vote<\/a><\/span><\/div>\n<div class=\"views-field views-field-title\"><span class=\"field-content\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.polyas.com\/election-glossary\/push-polling\">Push polling<\/a><\/span><\/div>\n<\/div><\/div><\/section>\n<section class='av_tab_section av_tab_section av-lvgpd568-6fa5acd22148f0f86d68283e78fc2e71'  itemscope=\"itemscope\" itemtype=\"https:\/\/schema.org\/CreativeWork\" ><div id='tab-id-17-tab' class='tab' role='tab' aria-selected=\"false\" tabindex=\"0\" data-fake-id='#tab-id-17' aria-controls='tab-id-17-content'  itemprop=\"headline\" >Q<\/div><div id='tab-id-17-content' class='tab_content' role='tabpanel' aria-labelledby='tab-id-17-tab' aria-hidden=\"true\"><div class='tab_inner_content invers-color'  itemprop=\"text\" ><p><span class=\"field-content\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.polyas.com\/election-glossary\/quorum\">Quorum<\/a><\/span><\/p>\n<\/div><\/div><\/section>\n<section class='av_tab_section av_tab_section av-lvgpdcck-1aacfc86af6558f8ae3db009b1b26a42'  itemscope=\"itemscope\" itemtype=\"https:\/\/schema.org\/CreativeWork\" ><div id='tab-id-18-tab' class='tab' role='tab' aria-selected=\"false\" tabindex=\"0\" data-fake-id='#tab-id-18' aria-controls='tab-id-18-content'  itemprop=\"headline\" >R<\/div><div id='tab-id-18-content' class='tab_content' role='tabpanel' aria-labelledby='tab-id-18-tab' aria-hidden=\"true\"><div class='tab_inner_content invers-color'  itemprop=\"text\" ><div class=\"views-field views-field-title\"><span class=\"field-content\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.polyas.com\/election-glossary\/re-election\">Re-election<\/a><\/span><\/div>\n<div class=\"views-field views-field-title\"><span class=\"field-content\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.polyas.com\/election-glossary\/referendum\">Referendum<\/a><\/span><\/div>\n<div class=\"views-field views-field-title\"><span class=\"field-content\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.polyas.com\/election-glossary\/regulated-health-professions-act\">Regulated Health Professions Act<\/a><\/span><\/div>\n<div class=\"views-field views-field-title\"><span class=\"field-content\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.polyas.com\/election-glossary\/regulation\">Regulation<\/a><\/span><\/div>\n<div class=\"views-field views-field-title\"><span class=\"field-content\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.polyas.com\/election-glossary\/council-members\">Regulatory College Council Members<\/a><\/span><\/div>\n<div class=\"views-field views-field-title\"><span class=\"field-content\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.polyas.com\/election-glossary\/regulatory-colleges\">Regulatory Colleges<\/a><\/span><\/div>\n<div class=\"views-field views-field-title\"><span class=\"field-content\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.polyas.com\/election-glossary\/republicanism\">Republicanism<\/a><\/span><\/div>\n<div class=\"views-field views-field-title\"><span class=\"field-content\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.polyas.com\/election-glossary\/resolution\">Resolution<\/a><\/span><\/div>\n<div class=\"views-field views-field-title\"><span class=\"field-content\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.polyas.com\/election-glossary\/royal-colleges\">Royal Colleges<\/a><\/span><\/div>\n<\/div><\/div><\/section>\n<section class='av_tab_section av_tab_section av-lvgpdijy-1dd1001368fd3f93df0ee4cdb1910597'  itemscope=\"itemscope\" itemtype=\"https:\/\/schema.org\/CreativeWork\" ><div id='tab-id-19-tab' class='tab' role='tab' aria-selected=\"false\" tabindex=\"0\" data-fake-id='#tab-id-19' aria-controls='tab-id-19-content'  itemprop=\"headline\" >S<\/div><div id='tab-id-19-content' class='tab_content' role='tabpanel' aria-labelledby='tab-id-19-tab' aria-hidden=\"true\"><div class='tab_inner_content invers-color'  itemprop=\"text\" ><div class=\"views-field views-field-title\"><span class=\"field-content\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.polyas.com\/election-glossary\/safe-harbour\">Safe Harbour<\/a><\/span><\/div>\n<div class=\"views-field views-field-title\"><span class=\"field-content\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.polyas.com\/election-glossary\/sealing-ballot-box\">Sealing the ballot box<\/a><\/span><\/div>\n<div class=\"views-field views-field-title\"><span class=\"field-content\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.polyas.com\/election-glossary\/single-transferable-vote\">Single Transferable Vote<\/a><\/span><\/div>\n<div class=\"views-field views-field-title\"><span class=\"field-content\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.polyas.com\/election-glossary\/social-clubs\">Social Club<\/a><\/span><\/div>\n<div class=\"views-field views-field-title\"><span class=\"field-content\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.polyas.com\/election-glossary\/societas-europaea\">Societas Europaea <\/a><\/span><\/div>\n<div class=\"views-field views-field-title\"><span class=\"field-content\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.polyas.com\/election-glossary\/soft-money\">Soft Money<\/a><\/span><\/div>\n<div class=\"views-field views-field-title\"><span class=\"field-content\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.polyas.com\/election-glossary\/split-ticket-voting\">Split-ticket voting<\/a><\/span><\/div>\n<div class=\"views-field views-field-title\"><span class=\"field-content\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.polyas.com\/election-glossary\/spoilt-vote\">Spoilt Vote<\/a><\/span><\/div>\n<div class=\"views-field views-field-title\"><span class=\"field-content\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.polyas.com\/election-glossary\/staff-council\">Staff Council <\/a><\/span><\/div>\n<div class=\"views-field views-field-title\"><span class=\"field-content\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.polyas.com\/election-glossary\/straight-ticket-voting\">Straight-ticket voting<\/a><\/span><\/div>\n<div class=\"views-field views-field-title\"><span class=\"field-content\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.polyas.com\/election-glossary\/supplementary-vote\">Supplementary Vote<\/a><\/span><\/div>\n<div class=\"views-field views-field-title\"><span class=\"field-content\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.polyas.com\/election-glossary\/swing-states\">Swing States<\/a><\/span><\/div>\n<\/div><\/div><\/section>\n<section class='av_tab_section av_tab_section av-lvgpdmqn-92df5d739e2d10dde36175fe8f80694c'  itemscope=\"itemscope\" itemtype=\"https:\/\/schema.org\/CreativeWork\" ><div id='tab-id-20-tab' class='tab' role='tab' aria-selected=\"false\" tabindex=\"0\" data-fake-id='#tab-id-20' aria-controls='tab-id-20-content'  itemprop=\"headline\" >T<\/div><div id='tab-id-20-content' class='tab_content' role='tabpanel' aria-labelledby='tab-id-20-tab' aria-hidden=\"true\"><div class='tab_inner_content invers-color'  itemprop=\"text\" ><div class=\"views-field views-field-title\"><span class=\"field-content\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.polyas.com\/election-glossary\/tactical-voting\">Tactical Voting <\/a><\/span><\/div>\n<div class=\"views-field views-field-title\"><span class=\"field-content\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.polyas.com\/election-glossary\/democratic-party\">The Democratic Party<\/a><\/span><\/div>\n<div class=\"views-field views-field-title\"><span class=\"field-content\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.polyas.com\/election-glossary\/judiciary\">The Judiciary<\/a><\/span><\/div>\n<div class=\"views-field views-field-title\"><span class=\"field-content\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.polyas.com\/election-glossary\/legislature\">The Legislature<\/a><\/span><\/div>\n<div class=\"views-field views-field-title\"><span class=\"field-content\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.polyas.com\/election-glossary\/republican-party\">The Republican Party<\/a><\/span><\/div>\n<div class=\"views-field views-field-title\"><span class=\"field-content\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.polyas.com\/election-glossary\/us-census\">The United States Census <\/a><\/span><\/div>\n<div class=\"views-field views-field-title\"><span class=\"field-content\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.polyas.com\/election-glossary\/trustee-elections\">Trustee Elections<\/a><\/span><\/div>\n<\/div><\/div><\/section>\n<section class='av_tab_section av_tab_section av-lvgpdq7p-32ba15132d9f4b73ca3d1a4c4d56dd7c'  itemscope=\"itemscope\" itemtype=\"https:\/\/schema.org\/CreativeWork\" ><div id='tab-id-21-tab' class='tab' role='tab' aria-selected=\"false\" tabindex=\"0\" data-fake-id='#tab-id-21' aria-controls='tab-id-21-content'  itemprop=\"headline\" >U<\/div><div id='tab-id-21-content' class='tab_content' role='tabpanel' aria-labelledby='tab-id-21-tab' aria-hidden=\"true\"><div class='tab_inner_content invers-color'  itemprop=\"text\" ><div class=\"views-field views-field-title\"><span class=\"field-content\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.polyas.com\/election-glossary\/us-congress\">US Congress<\/a><\/span><\/div>\n<div class=\"views-field views-field-title\"><span class=\"field-content\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.polyas.com\/election-glossary\/us-electoral-college\">US Electoral College<\/a><\/span><\/div>\n<div class=\"views-field views-field-title\"><span class=\"field-content\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.polyas.com\/election-glossary\/us-president\">US President<\/a><\/span><\/div>\n<div class=\"views-field views-field-title\"><span class=\"field-content\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.polyas.com\/election-glossary\/us-senate\">US Senate<\/a><\/span><\/div>\n<div class=\"views-field views-field-title\"><span class=\"field-content\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.polyas.com\/election-glossary\/us-vice-president\">US Vice President<\/a><\/span><\/div>\n<\/div><\/div><\/section>\n<section class='av_tab_section av_tab_section av-lvgpdu8u-be4f5571f460992d300eec4d3e704fef'  itemscope=\"itemscope\" itemtype=\"https:\/\/schema.org\/CreativeWork\" ><div id='tab-id-22-tab' class='tab' role='tab' aria-selected=\"false\" tabindex=\"0\" data-fake-id='#tab-id-22' aria-controls='tab-id-22-content'  itemprop=\"headline\" >V<\/div><div id='tab-id-22-content' class='tab_content' role='tabpanel' aria-labelledby='tab-id-22-tab' aria-hidden=\"true\"><div class='tab_inner_content invers-color'  itemprop=\"text\" ><div class=\"views-field views-field-title\"><span class=\"field-content\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.polyas.com\/election-glossary\/vote-pairing\">Vote pairing<\/a><\/span><\/div>\n<div class=\"views-field views-field-title\"><span class=\"field-content\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.polyas.com\/election-glossary\/voter-apathy\">Voter Apathy<\/a><\/span><\/div>\n<div class=\"views-field views-field-title\"><span class=\"field-content\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.polyas.com\/election-glossary\/voter-caging\">Voter Caging<\/a><\/span><\/div>\n<div class=\"views-field views-field-title\"><span class=\"field-content\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.polyas.com\/election-glossary\/voter-education\">Voter Education<\/a><\/span><\/div>\n<div class=\"views-field views-field-title\"><span class=\"field-content\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.polyas.com\/election-glossary\/voter-fatigue\">Voter Fatigue <\/a><\/span><\/div>\n<div class=\"views-field views-field-title\"><span class=\"field-content\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.polyas.com\/election-glossary\/voter-secrecy\">Voter Secrecy<\/a><\/span><\/div>\n<div class=\"views-field views-field-title\"><span class=\"field-content\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.polyas.com\/election-glossary\/voter-suppression\">Voter Suppression <\/a><\/span><\/div>\n<div class=\"views-field views-field-title\"><span class=\"field-content\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.polyas.com\/election-glossary\/voter-turnout\">Voter Turnout<\/a><\/span><\/div>\n<div class=\"views-field views-field-title\"><span class=\"field-content\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.polyas.com\/election-glossary\/voting-booth\">Voting Booth <\/a><\/span><\/div>\n<div class=\"views-field views-field-title\"><span class=\"field-content\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.polyas.com\/election-glossary\/voting-district\">Voting district<\/a><\/span><\/div>\n<div class=\"views-field views-field-title\"><span class=\"field-content\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.polyas.com\/election-glossary\/voting-keypad\">Voting Keypad<\/a><\/span><\/div>\n<div>\n<div><span class=\"field-content\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.polyas.com\/election-glossary\/voting-machine\">Voting Machine<\/a><\/span><\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"views-field views-field-title\"><span class=\"field-content\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.polyas.com\/election-glossary\/voting-power\">Voting Power<\/a><\/span><\/div>\n<div class=\"views-field views-field-title\"><span class=\"field-content\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.polyas.com\/election-glossary\/voting-proxy-form\">Voting Proxy Form<\/a><\/span><\/div>\n<div class=\"views-field views-field-title\"><span class=\"field-content\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.polyas.com\/election-glossary\/voting-reminder\">Voting reminder<\/a><\/span><\/div>\n<\/div><\/div><\/section>\n<section class='av_tab_section av_tab_section av-lvgpe4g1-8804ea87b2cf8b71781c4c786bb385e1'  itemscope=\"itemscope\" itemtype=\"https:\/\/schema.org\/CreativeWork\" ><div id='tab-id-23-tab' class='tab' role='tab' aria-selected=\"false\" tabindex=\"0\" data-fake-id='#tab-id-23' aria-controls='tab-id-23-content'  itemprop=\"headline\" >W<\/div><div id='tab-id-23-content' class='tab_content' role='tabpanel' aria-labelledby='tab-id-23-tab' aria-hidden=\"true\"><div class='tab_inner_content invers-color'  itemprop=\"text\" ><div class=\"views-field views-field-title\"><span class=\"field-content\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.polyas.com\/election-glossary\/web20\">Web 2.0<\/a><\/span><\/div>\n<div class=\"views-field views-field-title\"><span class=\"field-content\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.polyas.com\/election-glossary\/webster-method\">Webster-Method<\/a><\/span><\/div>\n<div class=\"views-field views-field-title\"><span class=\"field-content\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.polyas.com\/election-glossary\/works-council\">Works Council<\/a><\/span><\/div>\n<div class=\"views-field views-field-title\"><span class=\"field-content\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.polyas.com\/election-glossary\/write-in-candidate\">Write-in Candidate<\/a><\/span><\/div>\n<\/div><\/div><\/section>\n<section class='av_tab_section av_tab_section av-lvgped1z-12d8bdacc98c3fda9e1fea056f179e42'  itemscope=\"itemscope\" itemtype=\"https:\/\/schema.org\/CreativeWork\" ><div id='tab-id-24-tab' class='tab' role='tab' aria-selected=\"false\" tabindex=\"0\" data-fake-id='#tab-id-24' aria-controls='tab-id-24-content'  itemprop=\"headline\" >X<\/div><div id='tab-id-24-content' class='tab_content' role='tabpanel' aria-labelledby='tab-id-24-tab' aria-hidden=\"true\"><div class='tab_inner_content invers-color'  itemprop=\"text\" ><\/div><\/div><\/section>\n<section class='av_tab_section av_tab_section av-lvgpeh7e-fb9803780f4f19d00d8b03a3f4a58ab2'  itemscope=\"itemscope\" itemtype=\"https:\/\/schema.org\/CreativeWork\" ><div id='tab-id-25-tab' class='tab' role='tab' aria-selected=\"false\" tabindex=\"0\" data-fake-id='#tab-id-25' aria-controls='tab-id-25-content'  itemprop=\"headline\" >Y<\/div><div id='tab-id-25-content' class='tab_content' role='tabpanel' aria-labelledby='tab-id-25-tab' aria-hidden=\"true\"><div class='tab_inner_content invers-color'  itemprop=\"text\" ><\/div><\/div><\/section>\n<section class='av_tab_section av_tab_section av-lvgpel6n-3f3582a021a2b7e9ce9f4b32e2d22c24'  itemscope=\"itemscope\" itemtype=\"https:\/\/schema.org\/CreativeWork\" ><div id='tab-id-26-tab' class='tab' role='tab' aria-selected=\"false\" tabindex=\"0\" data-fake-id='#tab-id-26' aria-controls='tab-id-26-content'  itemprop=\"headline\" >Z<\/div><div id='tab-id-26-content' class='tab_content' role='tabpanel' aria-labelledby='tab-id-26-tab' aria-hidden=\"true\"><div class='tab_inner_content invers-color'  itemprop=\"text\" ><\/div><\/div><\/section>\n<\/div><\/div><br \/>\n<div  class='flex_column av-ufc5zc-ecfbab303984568e60255764af803366 av_one_full  avia-builder-el-4  el_after_av_one_full  avia-builder-el-last  first flex_column_div  column-top-margin'     ><section  class='av_textblock_section av-lumaluvu-b44949e4f8e2eadf8675fc6a45a8be16 '   itemscope=\"itemscope\" itemtype=\"https:\/\/schema.org\/CreativeWork\" ><div class='avia_textblock'  itemprop=\"text\" ><h1>Labor Unions<\/h1>\n<\/div><\/section><br \/>\n<section  class='av_textblock_section av-lukvkonj-6aa5af559a7b768dda830fbd459c0761 '   itemscope=\"itemscope\" itemtype=\"https:\/\/schema.org\/CreativeWork\" ><div class='avia_textblock'  itemprop=\"text\" ><p>Also known as\u00a0trade unions or labor organizations, labor unions are the representational bodies\u00a0of groups\u00a0of workers who band together in order to protect their interests and rights through collective bargaining.<\/p>\n<p>Why unionize? Unions were initially created for defensive purposes. They aimed to protect workers from the power held by employers. Powers include sudden wage cuts, mass firings, adverse or dangerous working conditions and excessive over-time. Strong unions then go on the offensive, pushing for increased wages, better benefits &amp; training as well as eventually political lobbying.<\/p>\n<p>Most unions in the US are associated with one of two umbrella organisations: the AFL-CIO or the Change to Win Federation (which split from AFL-CIO in 2005).<\/p>\n<h3>Collective Bargaining:<\/h3>\n<p>A term first used by Beatrice Webb in 1891. It refers to the negotiation process between employers and a group of employees. This is ultimately what trade unions are for: maximizing the bargaining power of workers by pooling their individual power together and presenting a united front.<\/p>\n<p>Employers negotiate with single unions or, as with larger\u00a0companies, groups of unions. The scale depends largely on the sector\/industry and on the country.<\/p>\n<h3>Disputes:<\/h3>\n<p>Why do private businesses dislike unions?\u00a0This ultimately comes down to flexibility. Businesses feel the need to be able to grow and shrink according to demands for their product and the costs of raw resources. Unions prevent this flexibility by presenting a higher fixed cost for labour, which is usually one of the highest outgoing costs for a business.<\/p>\n<p>Businesses lobby government for decreased interference in the labor market and decreased regulation in the economy. They want the government to be neutral or on their side in labour disputes. They also push for lower corporation tax seeing their growth as integral for economic growth.<\/p>\n<p>On the other hand, unions push for increased economic regulation, increased support for workers&#8217; rights and increased taxation for businesses (especially from public sector unions).<\/p>\n<h3>Trade Union density<\/h3>\n<ol>\n<li>Iceland: 85.5<\/li>\n<li>Finland: 69.0<\/li>\n<li>Sweden: 67.7<\/li>\n<li>Denmark: 66.8<\/li>\n<li>Belgium: 55.1<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<ul>\n<li>Canada: 27.1<\/li>\n<li>UK: 25.8<\/li>\n<li>USA: 10.8<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<h3>US Union History:<\/h3>\n<ul>\n<li>Craft Guilds began forming in the early 1800s. Threatened by the industrialization of skilled jobs, these guilds aimed to prevent the loss of jobs to modern industry. As transport infrastructure developed, local groups began to group together on a regional and national level to remain effective.<\/li>\n<li>Early movements, primarily the Knights of Labor (KOR) failed due to weak leadership, no fixed goals and strong opposition by local and regional governments who were heavily influenced by local business.<\/li>\n<li>The AFL (American Federation of Labor) had a set strategy and focused on localized strikes and boycotts. The AFL benefited from centralized leadership and goals that moved away from the &#8216;class struggles&#8217; of the 19th century and towards increasing pay, reducing hours and better working conditions.<\/li>\n<li>The Inter-War Period saw labor organisations benefit from New Deal policies such as the National Labor Relations Act (The Wagner Act, 1935). The NLRA secured workers&#8217; rights to organize, collectively bargain and to take collective action.<\/li>\n<li>The Post War Period saw union membership rise to 35% of the labor force by 1954, reaching a height of 21 million\u00a0members in 1979. Despite increased membership, the overall power of unions was on the decline. See the Management Relations Act (Taft-Hartley Act, 1947).<\/li>\n<li>The power of labor unions declined in the 1970s and beyond as membership began to slip, factories started moving either abroad or to the south, where unions were relatively weaker. Government policies during the 1980s began to shift towards deregulation and free competition, further damaging the influence and power of labor organizations.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>If you are interested in using online elections for your union please don&#8217;t hesitate to <a href=\"\/about-polyas\/contact\">contact us<\/a>!<\/p>\n<p>See also:<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li><a href=\"\/about-polyas\/research\">Electoral Research at POLYAS<\/a><\/li>\n<li><a href=\"\/election-services\">Election Services<\/a><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/div><\/section><\/p><\/div><\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"","protected":false},"author":4,"featured_media":0,"parent":42882,"menu_order":0,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","template":"","meta":{"content-type":"","footnotes":""},"categories":[],"tags":[],"class_list":["post-43336","page","type-page","status-publish","hentry"],"yoast_head":"<!-- This site is optimized with the Yoast SEO Premium plugin v24.2 (Yoast SEO v25.5) - https:\/\/yoast.com\/wordpress\/plugins\/seo\/ -->\n<title>Labor Unions explained in the Election Glossary<\/title>\n<meta name=\"description\" content=\"What are labor unions? How did they come about historically and what is their influence today? Find out more in the election glossary at POLYAS.com!\" \/>\n<meta name=\"robots\" content=\"index, follow, max-snippet:-1, max-image-preview:large, max-video-preview:-1\" \/>\n<link rel=\"canonical\" href=\"https:\/\/www.polyas.com\/election-glossary\/labor-unions\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:locale\" content=\"de_DE\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:type\" content=\"article\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:title\" content=\"Labor Unions\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:description\" content=\"What are labor unions? How did they come about historically and what is their influence today? Find out more in the election glossary at POLYAS.com!\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:url\" content=\"https:\/\/www.polyas.com\/election-glossary\/labor-unions\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:site_name\" content=\"POLYAS\" \/>\n<meta property=\"article:modified_time\" content=\"2024-06-14T10:00:14+00:00\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:image\" content=\"https:\/\/www.polyas.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/07\/Design-ohne-Titel-3.png\" \/>\n\t<meta property=\"og:image:width\" content=\"1200\" \/>\n\t<meta property=\"og:image:height\" content=\"675\" \/>\n\t<meta property=\"og:image:type\" content=\"image\/png\" \/>\n<meta name=\"twitter:card\" content=\"summary_large_image\" \/>\n<meta name=\"twitter:label1\" content=\"Gesch\u00e4tzte Lesezeit\" \/>\n\t<meta name=\"twitter:data1\" content=\"16\u00a0Minuten\" \/>\n<script type=\"application\/ld+json\" class=\"yoast-schema-graph\">{\"@context\":\"https:\/\/schema.org\",\"@graph\":[{\"@type\":\"WebPage\",\"@id\":\"https:\/\/www.polyas.com\/election-glossary\/labor-unions\",\"url\":\"https:\/\/www.polyas.com\/election-glossary\/labor-unions\",\"name\":\"Labor Unions explained in the Election Glossary\",\"isPartOf\":{\"@id\":\"https:\/\/www.polyas.de\/#website\"},\"datePublished\":\"2017-01-26T17:01:39+00:00\",\"dateModified\":\"2024-06-14T10:00:14+00:00\",\"description\":\"What are labor unions? How did they come about historically and what is their influence today? Find out more in the election glossary at POLYAS.com!\",\"breadcrumb\":{\"@id\":\"https:\/\/www.polyas.com\/election-glossary\/labor-unions#breadcrumb\"},\"inLanguage\":\"de\",\"potentialAction\":[{\"@type\":\"ReadAction\",\"target\":[\"https:\/\/www.polyas.com\/election-glossary\/labor-unions\"]}]},{\"@type\":\"BreadcrumbList\",\"@id\":\"https:\/\/www.polyas.com\/election-glossary\/labor-unions#breadcrumb\",\"itemListElement\":[{\"@type\":\"ListItem\",\"position\":1,\"name\":\"Startseite\",\"item\":\"https:\/\/www.polyas.de\/\"},{\"@type\":\"ListItem\",\"position\":2,\"name\":\"POLYAS Election Glossary\",\"item\":\"https:\/\/www.polyas.com\/election-glossary\"},{\"@type\":\"ListItem\",\"position\":3,\"name\":\"Labor Unions\"}]},{\"@type\":\"WebSite\",\"@id\":\"https:\/\/www.polyas.de\/#website\",\"url\":\"https:\/\/www.polyas.de\/\",\"name\":\"POLYAS\",\"description\":\"\",\"potentialAction\":[{\"@type\":\"SearchAction\",\"target\":{\"@type\":\"EntryPoint\",\"urlTemplate\":\"https:\/\/www.polyas.de\/?s={search_term_string}\"},\"query-input\":{\"@type\":\"PropertyValueSpecification\",\"valueRequired\":true,\"valueName\":\"search_term_string\"}}],\"inLanguage\":\"de\"}]}<\/script>\n<!-- \/ Yoast SEO Premium plugin. -->","yoast_head_json":{"title":"Labor Unions explained in the Election Glossary","description":"What are labor unions? How did they come about historically and what is their influence today? Find out more in the election glossary at POLYAS.com!","robots":{"index":"index","follow":"follow","max-snippet":"max-snippet:-1","max-image-preview":"max-image-preview:large","max-video-preview":"max-video-preview:-1"},"canonical":"https:\/\/www.polyas.com\/election-glossary\/labor-unions","og_locale":"de_DE","og_type":"article","og_title":"Labor Unions","og_description":"What are labor unions? How did they come about historically and what is their influence today? Find out more in the election glossary at POLYAS.com!","og_url":"https:\/\/www.polyas.com\/election-glossary\/labor-unions","og_site_name":"POLYAS","article_modified_time":"2024-06-14T10:00:14+00:00","og_image":[{"width":1200,"height":675,"url":"https:\/\/www.polyas.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/07\/Design-ohne-Titel-3.png","type":"image\/png"}],"twitter_card":"summary_large_image","twitter_misc":{"Gesch\u00e4tzte Lesezeit":"16\u00a0Minuten"},"schema":{"@context":"https:\/\/schema.org","@graph":[{"@type":"WebPage","@id":"https:\/\/www.polyas.com\/election-glossary\/labor-unions","url":"https:\/\/www.polyas.com\/election-glossary\/labor-unions","name":"Labor Unions explained in the Election Glossary","isPartOf":{"@id":"https:\/\/www.polyas.de\/#website"},"datePublished":"2017-01-26T17:01:39+00:00","dateModified":"2024-06-14T10:00:14+00:00","description":"What are labor unions? How did they come about historically and what is their influence today? Find out more in the election glossary at POLYAS.com!","breadcrumb":{"@id":"https:\/\/www.polyas.com\/election-glossary\/labor-unions#breadcrumb"},"inLanguage":"de","potentialAction":[{"@type":"ReadAction","target":["https:\/\/www.polyas.com\/election-glossary\/labor-unions"]}]},{"@type":"BreadcrumbList","@id":"https:\/\/www.polyas.com\/election-glossary\/labor-unions#breadcrumb","itemListElement":[{"@type":"ListItem","position":1,"name":"Startseite","item":"https:\/\/www.polyas.de\/"},{"@type":"ListItem","position":2,"name":"POLYAS Election Glossary","item":"https:\/\/www.polyas.com\/election-glossary"},{"@type":"ListItem","position":3,"name":"Labor Unions"}]},{"@type":"WebSite","@id":"https:\/\/www.polyas.de\/#website","url":"https:\/\/www.polyas.de\/","name":"POLYAS","description":"","potentialAction":[{"@type":"SearchAction","target":{"@type":"EntryPoint","urlTemplate":"https:\/\/www.polyas.de\/?s={search_term_string}"},"query-input":{"@type":"PropertyValueSpecification","valueRequired":true,"valueName":"search_term_string"}}],"inLanguage":"de"}]}},"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.polyas.com\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages\/43336","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.polyas.com\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.polyas.com\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/page"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.polyas.com\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/4"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.polyas.com\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=43336"}],"version-history":[{"count":0,"href":"https:\/\/www.polyas.com\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages\/43336\/revisions"}],"up":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.polyas.com\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages\/42882"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.polyas.com\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=43336"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.polyas.com\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=43336"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.polyas.com\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=43336"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}